Pulmonary Function as a Predictor of Frailty Syndrome in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diminished pulmonary function is associated with negative health outcomes and pulmonary impairment, and can be associated with frailty. The objectives of this study were to compare pulmonary function between frail, prefrail, and nonfrail older adults; to verify the association between pulmonary function and frailty syndrome; and to establish cut-off points for pulmonary function variables for predicting frailty. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 379 community-dwelling older adults of both sexes. Spirometry was used to measure pulmonary function criteria (forced vital capacity, FVC; forced expiratory volume in 1 second, FEV 1 ; and FEV 1 /FVC ratio). The presence of frailty was evaluated with Fried's frailty phenotype. Statistical analysis included a multinomial logistic regression model. Pulmonary function cut-off points for discriminating frailty syndrome were established through analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The study participants were a median of 69.0 (64.0-74.0) years old, and 12.4% presented frailty while 58% presented prefrailty. Frail and prefrail older adults presented significantly lower median FVC and FEV 1 values-FVC = 1.89 L (1.45-2.31) and FEV 1 = 1.60 L (1.24-1.91); FVC = 2.07 L (1.62-2.67) and FEV 1 = 1.66 L (1.32-2.09), respectively-than nonfrail participants-FVC = 2.53 L (1.96-3.16) and FEV 1 = 2.01 L (1.54-2.43). The adjusted analysis indicated that FEV 1 (odds ratio [OR] = 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39-0.99) and the FVC (OR = 0.68; 95% CI, 0.48-0.96) were inversely associated with prefrailty and that FVC (OR = 0.52; 95% CI, 0.29-0.94) was associated with frailty. Cut-off points for prefrailty (FVC ≤2.3 L and FEV 1 ≤1.86 L) and frailty (FVC ≤2.07 L and FEV 1 ≤1.76 L) were established. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary function was lower in frail and prefrail older adults than in their nonfrail peers. Frailty and prefrailty were inversely associated with pulmonary function. Cut-off points for FEV 1 and FVC for discriminating frailty were established and may allow pulmonary function to serve as an indicator of frailty in older adults.

Impaired pulmonary function is associated with dynapenia, but not with abdominal obesity and dynapenic abdominal obesity in older adults.

PURPOSE: No studies have previously analyzed the association between dynapenic abdominal obesity (DAO) and pulmonary function in older adults. The aim of this study was to analyze whether there is an association between pulmonary function and abdominal obesity, dynapenia, and DAO in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with community-dwelling older adults (n = 383) of Macapá, Amapá, Brazil. Pulmonary function variables were evaluated with spirometry; and DAO was evaluated with the combination of dynapenia and abdominal obesity. Cutoff points for handgrip strength, 26 kg force for men and 16 kg force for women, were used to detect dynapenia; and cutoff points of abdominal circumference of > 102 cm for men and > 88 cm for women were used to identify abdominal obesity. RESULTS: Most of the studied pulmonary function variables (obtained values and obtained versus predicted values) were associated with abdominal obesity, dynapenia, and DAO. However, in the adjusted model, there was an association of FVC (ß = - 0.163; p < 0.001), FEV1 (ß = - 0.119; p = 0.006), and PEF (ß = - 0.110; p = 0.017) only with dynapenia. CONCLUSIONS: Older adults with abdominal obesity, dynapenia, and DAO presented impaired pulmonary function when compared to those without these conditions. Most of the pulmonary function variables were associated with abdominal obesity, dynapenia, and DAO conditions. However, in the adjusted model, there was an association of reduced FVC, FEV1, and PEF values only with dynapenia.

Effects of Zero PEEP and < 1.0 FIO2 on SpO2 and PETCO2 During Open Endotracheal Suctioning.

BACKGROUND: Hyperoxygenation and hyperinflation, preferably with a mechanical ventilator, is the most commonly used technique to prevent the adverse effects of open endotracheal suctioning on arterial oxygenation and pulmonary volume. However, limited data are available on the effects of oxygen concentrations < 100% and PEEP with zero end-expiratory pressure (0 PEEP) to improve oxygenation and to maintain adequate ventilation during open endotracheal suctioning. The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior of [Formula: see text] and end-tidal CO2 pressure ([Formula: see text]) in open endotracheal suctioning using the 0 PEEP technique with baseline [Formula: see text] (0 PEEP baseline [Formula: see text]) and 0 PEEP + hyperoxygenation of 20% above the baseline value (0 PEEP [Formula: see text] + 0.20) in critically ill subjects receiving mechanical ventilation. METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized, single-blind crossover study, for which 48 subjects with various clinical and surgical conditions were selected; of these, 38 subjects completed the study. The subjects were randomized for 2 interventions: 0 PEEP baseline [Formula: see text] and 0 PEEP [Formula: see text] + 0.20 during the open endotracheal suctioning procedure. Oxygenation was assessed via oxygen saturation as measured with pulse oximetry ([Formula: see text]), and changes in lung were monitored via [Formula: see text] using volumetric capnography. RESULTS: In the intragroup analysis with 0 PEEP baseline [Formula: see text], there was no significant increase after open endotracheal suctioning in either [Formula: see text] (P = .63) or [Formula: see text] (P = .11). With 0 PEEP [Formula: see text] + 0.20, there was a significant increase in [Formula: see text] (P < .001), with no significant changes in [Formula: see text] (P = .55). In the intergroup comparisons, there was a significant increase compared to the basal values only with the 0 PEEP + 0.20 method at 1 min after hyperoxygenation (P < .001), post-immediately (P < .001), at 1 min after (P < .001), and at 2 min after open endotracheal suctioning (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The appropriate indication of the hyperinflation strategy via mechanical ventilation using 0 PEEP with or without hyperoxygenation proved to be efficient to maintain [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] levels. These results suggest that the technique can minimize the loss of lung volume due to open endotracheal suctioning. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT02440919).

Acute Effects of the 6-Minute Pegboard and Ring Test in COPD.

BACKGROUND: There are few reports in the literature supporting the understanding of the physiological mechanisms of intolerance in patients with COPD to perform unsupported upper limb activities. The aims of this study were to quantify the electrical activity and oxygenation of inspiratory and upper limb muscles, and to investigate whether electromyographic manifestations of muscle fatigue are related to upper limb function as assessed by the 6-min pegboard and ring test (6PBRT) in subjects with COPD and in healthy subjects. METHODS: Thirty subjects with COPD (FEV1 42.1 ± 16.4% predicted; 68.0 ± 7.6 y old) comprised the COPD group, and 34 healthy subjects (66.8 ± 8.0 y old) comprised the control group. Both groups were assessed for body composition with dual-energy radiograph absorptiometry and spirometry. The 6PBRT was performed with simultaneous assessment of electromyography, near-infrared spectroscopy, and gas analyses (expiratory minute volume). RESULTS: Differences were observed between groups for performance (number of rings) in the 6PBRT, with the COPD group achieving lower values than the control group (P < .001). The ventilatory demand (expiratory minute volume/maximum voluntary ventilation) and root mean square amplitude of the sternocleidomastoid muscle were higher in the COPD group than in the control group (P < .04). Lower values for oxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin were found in intercostal muscles of the COPD group compared to the control group. The root mean square amplitude of the intercostal muscles was lower in the COPD group, while it was similar between groups for anterior deltoid and trapezius muscles. Median frequency of anterior deltoid muscles presented a decreased in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the 6PBRT was performed at a higher electrical activity in the accessory inspiratory muscles, such as the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and a lower oxygenation profile in the intercostal muscles in subjects with COPD compared with healthy controls, but without muscle fatigue signs. These findings suggest that the higher ventilatory demand presented in subjects with COPD could have contributed to the worse performance in this group without signals of peripheral muscle limitation.

Treinamento Físico Combinado Melhora a Tolerância ao Exercício e o Prognóstico em Indivíduos com DPOC / Combined Physical Training Improves Exercise Tolerance and Prognosis in Individuals with COPD / El entrenamiento físico combinado mejora la tolerancia al ejercicio y el pronóstico en individuos con EPOC

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito deste treinamento sobre a tolerância ao exercício em pessoas com DPOC e sobre o prognóstico da doença. Método: Nove idosos com DPOC (GDPOC) e nove idosos saudáveis (GS) foram avaliados antes e após TFC por Teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6'), teste incremental no cicloergometro (TIC), composição corporal e teste de 1 repetição máxima (1RM). O GDPOC foi avaliado também pelo índice BODE. O TFC constou de trinta minutos de treinamento aeróbio e três séries de quinze repetições de treinamento resistido em leg press horizontal com carga de 40-60% do teste de 1 repetição máxima, com intervalo de cinco minutos para recuperação. Foram realizadas três sessões semanais durante seis semanas. Resultados: No GDPOC, houve aumento significativo na distância percorrida e melhora no índice BODE. Conclusão: O TFC de seis semanas evidencia ser efetivo para melhora da tolerância ao exercício em indivíduos idosos com DPOC e do prognóstico de indivíduos da doença.

Objective: To identify the effect of this training on exercise tolerance in people with COPD and on the prognosis of the disease. Method: Nine elderly patients with COPD (COPDG) and nine healthy elderly (HG), were avaluated before and after physical training to: six-minute walk test (6MWT), incremental test (ICT), body composition and test 1 repetition maximum (1RM), it was avaluated also in COPDG the BODE index. The training consisted of thirty minutes of aerobic training and three sets of fifteen repetitions of resistance training in leg press horizontal with 40-60% of 1RM, with an interval of five minutes for recovery. Three weekly sessions were held for six weeks. Results: In COPDG, there was a significant increase in the distance covered and an improvement in the BODE index. Conclusion: The 6-week CPT evidence to be effective in improving exercise tolerance in both elderly COPD subjects and the prognosis of disease.

Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de esta capacitación sobre la tolerancia al ejercicio en personas con EPOC y sobre el pronóstico de la enfermedad. Métods: Nueve personas mayores con EPOC (GEPOC) y nueve personas mayores sanas (GS) fueron evaluadas antes y después de TFC mediante una prueba de caminata de seis minutos (6MWT), prueba incremental en el cicloergómetro (ICT), composición corporal y una prueba de 1 repetición máxima (1RM). El GEPOC también se evaluó utilizando el índice BODE. El TFC consistió en treinta minutos de entrenamiento aeróbico y tres series de quince repeticiones de entrenamiento de resistencia en press de piernas horizontal con una carga del 40-60% de la prueba de 1 repetición máxima, con un intervalo de cinco minutos para la recuperación. Se realizaron tres sesiones semanales durante seis semanas. Resultados: En GEPOC, hubo un aumento significativo en la distancia recorrida y una mejora en el índice BODE. Conclusión: El TFC de seis semanas demuestra ser efectivo para mejorar la tolerancia al ejercicio en personas mayores con EPOC y el pronóstico de las personas con la enfermedad.

Reproducibility and Validity of the 6-Minute Stationary Walk Test Associated With Virtual Reality in Subjects With COPD.

BACKGROUND: The importance of evaluating the functional capacity of patients with COPD is well known, and there is a wide range of tests described in the literature. The 6-min stationary walk test associated with virtual reality (STVR-6) was created in light of the current limitations of evaluation tests. It does not require a large physical space or sophisticated equipment, and it is not costly; furthermore, it can be performed by a single rater. The objective of this study was to evaluate intra- and inter-rater reproducibility and to verify the criterion validity of the STVR-6. METHODS: 50 subjects with COPD were evaluated over the course of 3 d. The execution order of the tests was randomized; the STVR-6 was performed over 2 d, and the 6-min walk test was performed in 1 d. The 6-min walk distance variables and number of steps in the STVR-6 were obtained with a gas analysis performed for both tests. RESULTS: Relative reproducibility was found for intraclass correlation coefficient values (0.57-0.94, P < .001) between the number of steps and the highest value of oxygen consumption during the test (V̇O2 peak), intra- and inter-rater. In terms of absolute reproducibility, the standard error of measurement and minimum detectable difference values were verified. In the Bland-Altman analysis, the intra- and inter-rater mean difference values were 21 and 17 steps and 0.002 and 0.242 mL/min/kg, respectively. Pearson correlation values were 0.57-0.75 (P < .001) between the number of steps and V̇O2 peak. CONCLUSIONS: STVR-6 had excellent intra-rater reproducibility and excellent to good inter-rater reproducibility, but the high values of error measures demonstrated that there is a learning effect and a need to perform at least 2 tests. In addition, there was high to moderate correlation between the STVR-6 and the 6-min walk test. Therefore, the STVR-6 proved to be reproducible and valid for evaluating the functional capacity of subjects with COPD.

Surface electromyography in inspiratory muscles in adults and elderly individuals: A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Electromyography (EMG) helps to evaluate disorders and pulmonary behavior, as impairments in respiratory muscle function are associated with the development of diseases. There is a wide range of methods and protocols used to record and analyze EMG obtained from respiratory muscles, demonstrating a lack of standardization. OBJECTIVE: To identify the most common procedures used to record surface EMG (sEMG) of inspiratory muscles in adults and elderly individuals through a systematic review (primary), and to evaluate the quality of the report presented by the studies (secondary). METHOD: Studies published from January 1995 until June 2018 were searched for in the Web of Science, PubMed, LILACS, EBSCO and Embase databases. Only studies evaluating sEMG of inspiratory muscles were included. RESULTS: The electronic search retrieved a total of 6697 titles and 92 of them were included. A great variability on the methods applied to both recording and processing/analyzing data was found. Therefore, the synthesis of practical/clinical evidence to support immediate recommendations was impaired. In general, the descriptions presented by the studies are poor. CONCLUSION: The most common procedures used for sEMG were identified. Methodological studies with objective comparisons were fundamental for improving standardization, given the impossibility of recommendations from this review.

Obesidade abdominal e o sistema respiratório / Abdominal obesity and respiratory system

Introdução: A área da pneumologia tem dado importância para a associação da função respiratória com a obesidade. As transformações orgânicas decorrentes da obesidade implicam em alterações dos sistemas respiratório, imunomodulador, metabólico (musculatura esquelética, consumo de oxigênio e produção de gás carbônico) e circulatório. Este trabalho tem por objetivo revisar sobre o tema obesidade abdominal e sistema respiratório. Métodos: Revisão de literatura usando as bases de dados Scielo, Bireme, Pubmed e Scopus tendo como descritores: circulatory and respiratory physiological phenomena; respiratory function tests e abdominal obesity, sem limite para o ano de publicação e idioma. Resultados: A obesidade pode afetar o sistema respiratório independente da condição do parênquima pulmonar. Em indivíduos obesos, o mecanismo de respiração está prejudicado, pois o excesso de adiposidade que reveste o tórax e ocupa o abdome dificulta a ação da musculatura respiratória. A obesidade abdominal não é apenas um fator estético ou metabólico, mas também um fator mecânico que pode comprometer a função da musculatura respiratória e consequentemente a função pulmonar. As alterações na função respiratória mais frequentemente encontradas na obesidade são: redução do volume de reserva expiratório, capacidade vital, capacidade residual funcional e capacidade pulmonar total. Além do impacto mecânico, respiratório e cardiovascular, a obesidade também interfere para o estímulo e controle do sistema nervoso autônomo. Conclusão: A obesidade abdominal está interligada a fatores respiratórios desde o controle central respiratório até limitação dos constituintes respiratórios podendo ocasionar distúrbio respiratório restritivo e obstrutivo.

Introduction: The field of pneumology pointed out the association of respiratory function with obesity. The organic changes due to obesity imply changes in the respiratory, immunomodulatory, metabolic (skeletal musculature, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production) and circulatory systems. The aim of his study was a review about abdominal obesity and respiratory system. Methods: Literature review using the Scielo, Bireme, Pubmed and Scopus databases, and the following descriptors: circulatory and respiratory physiological phenomena; respiratory function tests and abdominal obesity, no limit to the year of publication and language. Results: Obesity can affect the respiratory system independent of pulmonary parenchyma condition. In obese individuals, the breathing mechanism is impaired, because the excess of fat that lines the chest and occupy the abdomen makes it difficult for the respiratory musculature to function. Abdominal obesity is not only an aesthetic or metabolic factor, but also a mechanical factor that can compromise respiratory muscle function and consequently lung function. The changes in respiratory function most frequently found in obesity are: reduction of expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, functional residual capacity and total lung capacity. Besides the mechanical, respiratory and cardiovascular impact, obesity also interferes with the stimulation and control of the autonomic nervous system. Conclusion: Abdominal obesity is interrelated to respiratory factors from central respiratory control to limitation of respiratory constituents and can cause restrictive and obstructive respiratory disorder.

Cardiorespiratory repercussions according to the abdominal circumference measurement of men with obstructive respiratory disorder submitted to respiratory physiotherapy.

PURPOSE: To examine the effect of respiratory physiotherapy among men with obstructive respiratory disorder, in relation to abdominal circumference (AC). METHODS: Quasi-experimental study including 26 men split into two groups according to AC(cm): 1) < 102 (ACrisk-free); and 2) ≥ 102 (ACrisk). Heart rate variability (HRV), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), oxygen saturation (SpO2), FEV1/FVC, slow vital capacity (SVC), inspiratory capacity (IC), maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax), thoracoabdominal amplitude (AI) were measured: before (M1); 5 min after the physiotherapy (i.e. breathing exercises for airway clearance and active kinesiotherapy) (M2); and at follow-up, 30 min after physiotherapy (M3). RESULTS: The groups differed in age, body mass index and body fat %. At M2 IC was different between groups (ACrisk-free< ACrisk). There was an increase in HRV indexes, PImax, SpO2, axillary AI, FEV1/FVC, and reduction in HR for ACrisk-free. There was a decrease in AI and an increase in DBP for ACrisk. CONCLUSION: In men with obstructive respiratory disorder, increased AC measurement limited the thoracoabdominal expansibility and induced a rise of the DBP. Respiratory physiotherapy promotes an increase of cardiac modulation and inspiratory capacity for men with obstructive respiratory disorder.

Reproducibility of inspiratory muscle endurance testing using PowerBreathe for COPD patients.

BACKGROUND: Assessing the strength and endurance of respiratory muscles is fundamental for characterizing respiratory muscle dysfunction. Although a variety of tests are used to evaluate respiratory muscle endurance, not all of them are applicable in clinical practice. Assessments can be made using a practical device called PowerBreathe®, but its reproducibility has not been tested in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. AIM: To verify the reproducibility of the inspiratory muscle endurance test using a manometer and PowerBreathe® in COPD patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was used. In total, 19 moderate-severe COPD patients, male and female, aged 50 to 80 years took part in the research. This evaluation consisted of 2 tests: an incremental test and a constant one held on the same day and repeated after 48 hr. The incremental test started with 10-cm H2 O, adding 10-cm H2 O every 2 min and taking 1 min of rest before increasing the load. The highest load that could be sustained for at least 1 min was considered the sustained maximum inspiratory pressure (SMIP) value. The constant test was performed at an intensity of 80% of the SMIP and the maximum time limit was 30 min. RESULTS: In the incremental test, there was a significant increase in the SMIP compared to the test-retest (61 ± 24/64.7 ± 23.8; p = .015); the value of the relative reproducibility was 0.96, the standard error of the absolute measurement was 4.7 (95% confidence interval 9.2), and the minimum detectable difference was 10.9. In the Bland-Altman analysis, the mean error was 4.2 (confidence interval -7.6 to 16.1). The constant test was not reproducible. CONCLUSION: It was observed that the incremental test was reproducible to evaluate inspiratory muscle endurance in COPD patients. Furthermore, 2 tests needed to be carried out due to the learning effect.

Clinical outcomes related to the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults - a cohort study / Desfechos clínicos ligados à incidência de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica no adulto - estudo de coorte

Abstract Introduction: Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is a common complication found in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and is associated with increased mortality, length of hospital stay and mechanical ventilation (MV) time. Objective: To determine the incidence of VAP and its impact on the clinical course of the subject undergoing invasive MV in the ICU. Methods: This is a cohort study of hospitalized subjects in the general adult ICU of the State Hospital of Bauru / SP. The clinical information for the period of 19 months were collected. Stratification for the groups was based on the presence or absence of VAP, free_VAP and VAP, respectively. The Hotelling T² with 95% confidence, chi-square and the Mann-Whitney tests were executed using the "R" software and the results showed as mean ± standard deviation and absolute and relative distribution (p < 0.05). Results: The sample was of 322 subjects; the VAP group consisted of 73 (22.67%), 54.79% male, age: 62.31±16.96 years and the APACHE II: 29.98 ± 8.64. The VAP group had longer time of the MV and of the ICU compared to free VAP group; even in this group, the highest incidence of death in the ICU occurred between the 16th and 20th day of hospitalization. The free VAP group was older and 50% of the patients discharged from hospital. Conclusion: VAP and their interfaces still impact on the clinical evolution of the subjects mainly on the time factor of MV and ICU stay. The highest incidence of death in the ICU occurs in the first weeks.

Resumo Introdução: A Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica (PAV) é uma complicação comumente encontrada na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) e está associada à maior mortalidade, tempo de internação e ventilação mecânica (VM). Objetivo: Verificar a incidência da PAV e seu impacto sobre a evolução clínica dos sujeitos submetidos à ventilação mecânica invasiva na UTI. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte com sujeitos internados na UTI geral adulto do Hospital Estadual de Bauru/SP. Foram coletadas as informações clínicas referentes ao período de 19 meses. A estratificação para os grupos foi realizada com base na ocorrência ou não da PAV, sem_PAV e PAV, respectivamente. Foi aplicado o teste T2 de Hotelling com 95% de confiança e Qui-Quadrado utilizando o Software "R" e os resultados apresentados em média ± desvio padrão e distribuição absoluta e relativa (p < 0,05). Resultados: A casuística foi de 322 sujeitos; o grupo PAV constou de 73 (22,67%), sendo 54,79% do sexo masculino, idade: 62,31 ± 16,96 anos e APACHE II: 29,98 ± 8,64. O grupo NAV teve maior tempo de VM e na UTI se comparado ao grupo sem_NAV; ainda neste grupo, a maior incidência de óbito na UTI ocorreu entre o 16° ao 20° dia de internação. O grupo sem_PAV era mais velho e 50% deste tiveram alta hospitalar. Conclusão: A PAV e suas interfaces ainda causam impacto sobre a evolução clínica dos sujeitos principalmente quanto ao fator tempo de ventilação mecânica e de internação na UTI. A maior incidência de óbito na UTI ocorre nas primeiras semanas.

Analysis of agreement between peak expiratory flow meters and comparison of reference values / Análise da concordância entre aparelhos de pico de fluxo expiratório e comparação dos valores de referência

Abstract Introduction: The peak expiratory flow (PEF) is a practical method that evaluates the caliber of the proximal airways. The ease in handling and the low cost of portable PEF meters made their use frequent. However, few studies have examined the correlation between the different equipment and compared their reference values. Objective: Analyze the correlation of three portable meters of PEF and check if the reference values are applicable in the studied population. Methods: 168 healthy individuals, of both genders, ranging in age from 20 to 80 years, had their PEF measured in Mini-Wright®, Assess® and AirZone® and the values obtained were compared to those predicted by Leiner et al. (1963) and Nunn and Gregg (1989). Statistical analysis was performed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, ANOVA, Wilcoxon test, Spearman correlation and analysis of agreement of Bland-Altman (p< 0.05). Results: There was significant difference in the values of PEF obtained between the Mini-Wright® and Assess® meters in both genders, between the AirZone® and Assess® only in men and between the Mini-Wright® and AirZone® only in women. The predicted values in the three meters have overestimated the obtained in both genders; there was no correlation between the values obtained from three meters due to the great variation of agreement limits and large interindividual variation. Conclusion: The values obtained in the three meters are not interchangeable and the predicted values were unsuitable for the sample.

Resumo Introdução: O pico de fluxo expiratório (PFE) é um método acessível que avalia o calibre das vias aéreas proximais. A facilidade no manuseio e o baixo custo dos medidores portáteis de PFE tornaram seu uso frequente, entretanto, poucos estudos analisaram a concordância entre os diferentes equipamentos e compararam seus valores de referência. Objetivo: Analisar a concordância de três medidores portáteis de PFE e verificar se os valores de referência são aplicáveis na população estudada. Métodos: 168 indivíduos saudáveis, de ambos os gêneros, na faixa etária de 20 a 80 anos, realizaram medidas de PFE nos aparelhos Mini-Wright®, Assess® e AirZone® e comparou-se os valores obtidos aos previstos por Leiner et al. (1963) e Nunn e Gregg (1989). A análise estatística foi realizada pelos testes Kolmogorov-Smirnov, ANOVA, teste de Wilcoxon, correlação de Spearman e análise de concordância de Bland-Altman (p<0,05). Resultados: Constatou-se diferença significativa nos valores de PFE obt idos entre os medidores Mini-Wright® e Assess® em ambos os gêneros, entre o AirZone® e o Assess® apenas nos homens e entre o Mini-Wright® e o AirZone® somente nas mulheres, sendo que os valores previstos nos três aparelhos superestimaram os obtidos em ambos os gêneros; não se verificou concordância entre os valores obtidos dos três medidores devido à grande variação dos limites de concordância e grande variação interindividual. Conclusão: Os valores obtidos nos três medidores não são intercambiáveis e os valores previstos se mostraram inadequados para a amostra estudada.

Reported dyspnea and fatigue using different scales during the physical effort in COPD / Percepção de dispneia e fadiga na DPOC por diferentes escalas durante o esforço físico

Abstract Introduction: Therapy choice and its progression for patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) should be based on their symptoms and clinical condition according to reports of dyspnea and fatigue. Therefore patient-reported scales have presented a key role during the communication with the patient. Objective: To verify if patients with COPD prefer the Modified Borg Scale (MBS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Glasses Scale (GS), Faces Scale (FS) or Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) during the six-minute walk test(6MWT), and to compare and correlate the scales with each other, with peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR). Methods: 28 patients with COPD (50% had mild to moderate COPD and 50% had severe to very severe) were evaluated by a respiratory and cognitive assessment. Additionally, they performed the 6MWT, in which the scales were applied simultaneously (random order) and patients reported their preference in the end of the test. Results: 57% of patients were illiterate or presented incomplete primary education and most of them (67%) chose the FS or GS. Significant positive correlations were observed between instruments for both dyspnea and fatigue in the end of the 6MWT, which the strongest was between MBS and FS (r = 0.95). Nevertheless, there was no correlation between the scales and SpO2 and HR. Conclusion: As the majority of patients preferred pictured to numerical scales we suggest their use as a resource for therapeutic evaluation; MBS might be replace by FS, even though they have different scores and not scaled proportionally. However, this change must be carefully considered because there is the risk of dubious interpretation.

Resumo Introdução: A escolha terapêutica e sua progressão ao intervir em pacientes com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) devem ser baseadas nos seus sintomas e quadro clínico, considerando relatos de dispneia e fadiga; assim, escalas perceptivas assumem papel fundamental na comunicação com o paciente. Objetivo: Verificar se pacientes com DPOC preferem a Escala de Borg Modificada (EBM), Escala Visual Analógica (EVA), Escala de Copos (EC), Escala de Faces (EF) ou Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) durante o teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6), bem como comparar e correlacionar as escalas entre si e com saturação periférica de oxigênio e frequência cardíaca. Métodos: Foram avaliados 28 pacientes com DPOC (50% deles com DPOC leve a moderada e 50% com DPOC grave a muito grave) por meio de uma avaliação respiratória e cognitiva, além do TC6, onde aplicou-se as escalas simultaneamente em ordem aleatória, posteriormente o paciente indicou sua escala preferida. Resultados: 57% dos pacientes eram analfabetos ou com ensino fundamental incompleto e a maioria (67%) elegeu a EF ou EC. Correlações positivas significantes foram observadas interinstrumentos tanto para dispneia quanto para fadiga nos membros inferiores ao final do TC6, sendo mais forte entre EBM e EF (r = 0,95). Entretanto, não foi observada correlação significante entre as escalas e a SpO2 e FC. Conclusão: Como a maioria dos pacientes preferiu escalas caricaturizadas às numéricas, sugerimos inseri-las como recurso de avaliação terapêutica; é possível substituir a EBM pela EF, ainda que tenham escores diferenciados e não escalonados proporcionalmente, atentando-se ao risco de interpretação dúbia.

Functional capacity assessment of upper limbs in healthy young adult subjects / Avaliação da capacidade funcional de membros superiores em indivíduos adultos jovens saudáveis

Abstract Introduction Assessing the functional capacity of the upper limbs (UL) is essential to direct treatments in clinical practice but there is a lack of research on specific methods for this end. Objective To verify the relationship of physical activity, grip strength (GS) and body mass index (BMI) with performance on 6-minute Pegboard and Ring Test (6PBRT) in healthy subjects. Methods Cross-sectional, exploratory and quantitative study. Apparently healthy adults were evaluated, both sexes, according to sociodemographic and anthropometric aspects, health conditions, physical activity level (IPAQ - short version), GS and functional capacity of the upper limbs (6PBRT). The data were analyzed descriptively using means, standard deviations, absolute figures and percentages. Correlations were found between variables using Spearman's correlation coefficient (p < 0.05). The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows, version 17.0 was used for analysis purposes. Results In total, 50 individuals were evaluated, the majority classified as active (54%). The mean GS was 30.70 ± 9,47kgf and the average number of loops moved during the 6PBRT was 277.6 ± 34.48. There was no correlation between the number of rings moved in 6PBRT and the level of physical activity (r = 0.076; p = 0.602), GS (r = -0.008; p = 0.956) or BMI (r = 0.031; p = 0.829). Conclusion The level of physical activity, GS and BMI did not influence the performance on 6PBRT, demonstrated by the lack of correlation between these variables.

Resumo Introdução A avaliação da capacidade funcional de membros superiores (MMSS) é fundamental para o direcionamento de tratamentos na prática clínica, porém apresenta escassez de pesquisas que abordem métodos específicos para tal objetivo. Objetivo Verificar a relação do nível de atividade física (NAF), da força de preensão palmar (FPP) e do índice de massa corporal (IMC) com o desempenho no 6-minute Pegboard and Ring Test (6PBRT) em indivíduos saudáveis. Métodos Estudo descritivo, transversal, analítico e quantitativo. Foram avaliados indivíduos adultos saudáveis, ambos os gêneros, segundo aspectos sociodemográficos, condições de saúde, antropométricos, NAF (IPAQ - versão curta), FPP e capacidade funcional de MMSS (6PBRT). Os dados foram analisados descritivamente por meio de médias, desvios padrão, números absolutos e porcentagens e foram verificadas as correlações entre as variáveis pelo coeficiente de correlação de Spearman (p < 0,05). Resultados Totalizaram 50 indivíduos avaliados, sendo a maioria classificados como ativos (54%). A média da FPP foi de 30,70 ± 9,47kgf e a média do número de argolas movidas durante o PBRT foi de 277,6 ± 34,48. Não houve correlação entre o número de argolas movidas no PBRT com o NAF (r = 0,076; p = 0,602), com a FPP (r = -0,008; p = 0,956) e nem com o IMC (r = 0,031; p = 0,829). Conclusão O NAF, a FPP e o IMC não influenciaram no desempenho do 6PBRT, demonstrado pela ausência de correlação entre essas variáveis.

Manovacuometria realizada por meio de traqueias de diferentes comprimentos / La realización de la manovacuometría con tráqueas de distintas longitudes / Manovacuometry performed by different length tracheas

RESUMO A manovacuometria é um teste simples, rápido e não invasivo por meio do qual a pressão inspiratória máxima (PImáx) e a pressão expiratória máxima (PEmáx) são obtidas, a fim de auxiliar na avaliação muscular respiratória. Atualmente, há grande variedade de modelos e marcas de manovacuômetros, com diferentes diâmetros e comprimentos de traqueias, no entanto, a interferência desses modelos nas medidas obtidas por esses equipamentos necessita de investigação. Desta forma, o objetivo primário deste estudo foi verificar a influência do comprimento de traqueias nas pressões respiratórias máximas, obtidas por meio de manovacuômetro analógico, em indivíduos saudáveis e, secundariamente, se há correlação entre as medidas. Foram avaliados 50 indivíduos, de 18 a 30 anos, de ambos os sexos, por meio da espirometria e manovacuometria. As PImáx e PEmáx foram realizadas com uso de traqueias de mesmo diâmetro interno (0,5 cm) e comprimentos de 30, 60 e 90 cm. Foram observados valores significativamente menores de PImáx obtidos com a traqueia de comprimento de 90 cm comparados às PImáx obtidas com as traqueias de 30 e 60 cm (teste de Friedman's ANOVA com teste de Wilcoxon com ajuste de Bonferroni). As traqueias de 30, 60 e 90 cm de comprimento e mesmo diâmetro não influenciaram os valores de PEmáx e PImáx, exceto a traqueia de 90 cm para os valores de PImáx, o que pode interferir na prática clínica fisioterapêutica. Novos estudos são necessários para analisar a necessidade de padronização do comprimento da traqueia utilizada em manovacuômetros.

RESUMEN La manovacuometría es una prueba sencilla, rápida y no invasiva por la cual se obtienen la presión inspiratoria máxima (PImax) y la presión espiratoria máxima (PEmax), con el objetivo de ayudar en el examen muscular respiratorio. Hoy día se encuentran una gran variedad de modelos y marcas de manovacuometros, con diferentes diámetros y longitudes de las tráqueas, pero hacen falta estudios sobre la interferencia de estos modelos en las mediciones por este instrumento. En este texto se propone examinar en sujetos sanos, en primer lugar, la influencia en la longitud de las tráqueas en las presiones respiratorias máximas, obtenidas por manovacuometros analógicos, y en segundo lugar comprobar la existencia de correlación entre las mediciones. Se evaluaron a cincuenta sujetos entre 18 y 30 años de edad, tanto varones como mujeres, empleando la espirometría y la manovacuometría. Se midió la PImax y la PEmax empleando tráqueas de mismo diámetro interno (0,5 cm) y con longitudes de 30, 60 e 90 cm. Se observaron valores significativamente menores de PImax con la tráquea de longitud de 90 cm en comparación con las PImax con las tráqueas de 30 y 60 cm (prueba de Friedman's ANOVA, la de Wilcoxon con ajustes de Bonferroni). Las tráqueas de 30, 60 y 90 cm de longitud y mismo diámetro no influyeron en los valores de la PEmax y de la PImax, con excepción de la tráquea de 90 cm en los valores de la PImax, lo que puede interferir la práctica clínica fisioterapéutica. Se necesitan más estudios para evaluar la necesidad de estándares de la longitud de tráqueas empleadas en manovacuometros.

ABSTRACT Manovacuometry is a simple, fast, and non-invasive test, with maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) obtained to assist respiratory muscle assessment. Currently, there is a wide variety of models and brands of manovacuometers with different trachea diameters and lengths. However, the interference of these models in the measurements obtained by these equipments needs to be investigated. Thus, this study mainly aimed to verify the influence of tracheal length on maximal respiratory pressures (MRP), obtained by an analog manovacuometer, in healthy individuals. Our secondary objective was to verify the correlation between measurements. Fifty individuals, aged 18 to 30, of both sexes, were evaluated by spirometry and manovacuometry. MIP and MEP were performed using tracheas with same internal diameter (0.5 cm) and 30 cm, 60 cm, and 90 cm length. Significantly lower MIP values were observed when comparing a 90 cm trachea to 30 and 60 cm tracheas (Friedman's ANOVA test and Wilcoxon test with Bonferroni adjustment). Tracheas with 30, 60, and 90 cm length and same diameter did not affect MIP and MEP values, except the 90 cm trachea for MIP values, which may interfere in the physical therapy clinical practice. Further studies are required to analyze the need for standardizing the trachea length used in manovacuometers.

Comparing the Effects of Two Different Levels of Hyperoxygenation on Gas Exchange During Open Endotracheal Suctioning: A Randomized Crossover Study.

BACKGROUND: Endotracheal suctioning is required for mechanically ventilated patients to maintain a patent airway. Studies show that open endotracheal suctioning affects respiratory mechanics and gas exchange. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of hyperoxygenation with FIO2 + 0.20 above baseline and hyperoxygenation with FIO2 1.0 in preventing hypoxemia, and to determine the impact of open endotracheal suctioning on the pulmonary ventilation of critical subjects receiving mechanical ventilatory support. METHODS: This prospective randomized crossover study was conducted in the ICU. Sixty-eight mechanically ventilated subjects with FIO2 ≤ 0.6 and requiring endotracheal suctioning were included in this study. Open endotracheal suctioning was performed using 2 different intervention sequences: hyperoxygenation of 0.20 above baseline FIO2 (FIO2 + 0.20) and 1.0 hyperoxygenation (FIO2 1.0). Oxygenation was assessed via oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry (SpO2 ), and changes in lung ventilation were measured via alveolar gas volume (V̇A), alveolar minute volume (V̇A min), carbon dioxide (CO2) production (V̇CO2 ), mixed exhaled partial pressure of CO2 (P̄ECO2 ), exhaled tidal CO2 volume (VTCO2), end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2 ), anatomical dead space to tidal volume ratio (VD/VT), and anatomical dead space volume of each breath (VD) using volumetric capnography, and breathing frequency (f), heart rate, and mean arterial pressure using a multiparameter monitor. RESULTS: SpO2 levels were significantly higher within interventions (FIO2 + 0.20 and 1.0) 1 min before and after suction. Also, there was a significant increase in PETCO2 , P̄ECO2 , heart rate, and mean arterial pressure immediately after the procedure compared with baseline, and in VTCO2, only for FIO2 + 0.20. Baseline values were not found to be significantly different between the groups in case of any dependent variable. CONCLUSIONS: In mechanically ventilated adult subjects, hyperoxygenation with FIO2 + 0.20 above baseline prevents hypoxemia. Also, transient changes in pulmonary ventilation with open circuit suctioning were confirmed by volumetric capnography analysis. (Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02440919).

Relationship of muscle strength with activities of daily living and quality of life in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / Relação das forças musculares com as atividades da vida diária e qualidade de vida em indivíduos com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica

Abstract Introduction: Few activities of daily living (ADLs) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are tolerated because they are associated with ventilatory and metabolic changes. Simply lifting the upper limb muscle requires changes, resulting in thoracic abdominal asynchrony, increased dyspnea, and can interfere with quality of life (QoL). Objective: to relate the muscle strength of the shoulder girdle, trunk and hand grip with the degree of dyspnea in ADLs and secondarily correlate them with QoL in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Materials and Methods: Nine male subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease III and IV (COPDG) and nine healthy, sedentary male individuals - control group (CG) were evaluated. All patients underwent the following evaluations: Pulmonary function, muscle strength of shoulder girdle, trunk and hand grip, and questionnaires. Results: In the intergroup analysis found that the spirometric variables of the COPDG were significantly lower compared to the CG. Intragroup analysis for measures of muscle strength, found significant difference for shoulder girdle, trunk and hand grip between both groups (COPDG) with lower mean (CG). Only the shoulder girdle had a positive correlation with ADL's and QoL. Conclusion: COPDG individuals, in addition to having pulmonary compromise, showed a significant decrease in muscle strength of the shoulder girdle, trunk and hand grip when compared to the CG. Only the shoulder girdle strength was positively correlated with the level of dyspnea in ADL's in QoL. Thus, pulmonary rehabilitation is an important tool for strengthening these muscles, possibly providing a positive impact on the degree of dyspnea during ADLs and reflecting on QoL.

Resumo Introdução: As atividades da vida diária (AVD's) na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica(DPOC) são poucas toleradas pelo fato de estarem associadas a alterações ventilatórias e metabólicas. A simples elevação dos membros superiores altera o recrutamento muscular, resultando em assincronia toracoabdominal, aumento da dispneia, podendo interferir na sua qualidade de vida (QV). Objetivo: relacionar as forças musculares da cintura escapular(CE), tronco(T) e preensão palmar(PP) com os graus de dispneia nas AVD´s e secundariamente correlacioná-las com a QV em indivíduos com DPOC. Materiais e Métodos: Foram avaliados 09 indivíduos com DPOC (III e IV) do sexo masculino - grupo DPOC (GDPOC) e 09 indivíduos saudáveis sedentários - grupo controle (GC). Todos foram submetidos às seguintes avaliações: prova de função pulmonar, forças musculares da CE, T, PP e questionários. Resultados: Na análise intergrupos constatou que as variáveis espirométricas do GDPOC foram significativamente menores comparados aos do GC. Na análise intragrupo, para as medidas das forças musculares, observou-se diferença significativa para PP, T e CE entre ambos os grupos (GDPOC com média menor que GC). Somente na força da CE houve correlação positiva com as AVD´s e QQV. Conclusão: Concluímos que indivíduos do GDPOC possuem, além do comprometimento pulmonar, apresentam diminuição significativa da força muscular da CE, T e PP quando comparado ao GC. Somente na força da CE houve correlação positiva com os graus de dispneia nas AVD´s e na QV. Sendo assim, a reabilitação pulmonar é um importante instrumento para o fortalecimento dessa musculatura proporcionando possivelmente um impacto positivo nos graus de dispneia durante as AVD´s e refletindo na QV. [K].

Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training and Calisthenics-and-Breathing Exercises in COPD With and Without Respiratory Muscle Weakness.

BACKGROUND: Patients with COPD may experience respiratory muscle weakness. Two therapeutic approaches to the respiratory muscles are inspiratory muscle training and calisthenics-and-breathing exercises. The aims of the study are to compare the effects of inspiratory muscle training and calisthenics-and-breathing exercises associated with physical training in subjects with COPD as an additional benefit of strength and endurance of the inspiratory muscles, thoracoabdominal mobility, physical exercise capacity, and reduction in dyspnea on exertion. In addition, these gains were compared between subjects with and without respiratory muscle weakness. METHODS: 25 subjects completed the study: 13 composed the inspiratory muscle training group, and 12 composed the calisthenics-and-breathing exercises group. Subjects were assessed before and after training by spirometry, measurements of respiratory muscle strength and test of inspiratory muscle endurance, thoracoabdominal excursion measurements, and the 6-min walk test. Moreover, scores for the Modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale were reported. RESULTS: After intervention, there was a significant improvement in both groups of respiratory muscle strength and endurance, thoracoabdominal mobility, and walking distance in the 6-min walk test. Additionally, there was a decrease of dyspnea in the 6-min walk test peak. A difference was found between groups, with higher values of respiratory muscle strength and thoracoabdominal mobility and lower values of dyspnea in the 6-min walk test peak and the Modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale in the inspiratory muscle training group. In the inspiratory muscle training group, subjects with respiratory muscle weakness had greater gains in inspiratory muscle strength and endurance. CONCLUSIONS: Both interventions increased exercise capacity and decreased dyspnea during physical effort. However, inspiratory muscle training was more effective in increasing inspiratory muscle strength and endurance, which could result in a decreased sensation of dyspnea. In addition, subjects with respiratory muscle weakness that performed inspiratory muscle training had higher gains in inspiratory muscle strength and endurance but not of dyspnea and submaximal exercise capacity. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT01510041.).

Exacerbation and functional capacity of patients with COPD undergoing an exercise training program: longitudinal study / Exacerbação e capacidade funcional de pacientes com DPOC submetidos ao treinamento físico: estudo longitudinal

Objective To analyze if there is influence of body weight, body mass index (BMI), body composition, dyspnoea, grip strength and tolerance to exertion in the occurrence of exacerbation during a 12-month follow up of patients with COPD who underwent a physical training program. Material and methods Sixty three patients were distributed in two groups, (Exacerbation Group — EG, n = 29; Non-Exacerbated Group — NEG, n = 34). The Mann Whitney test was used for the comparison between groups, the Friedman test (posthoc Dunn) to compare the assessments and the logistic regression analysis, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results There is a significant difference between the groups in age and walked distance (WD) in the sixminute walk test (6MWT). The WD was reduced in 6th, 9th and 12th month revaluation compared to baseline and 3 months for the EG. Logistic regression analysis showed a significant interaction between the lean body mass and the WD, BMI with the lean body mass and the BMI with the WD, this and the isolated dyspnoea, and lean body mass with body weight. Conclusion Involving several variables along the follow up of patients with COPD in physical therapy programs is important, since it may prevent or reduce the chance of the occurrence of exacerbations. In addition, older patients with less tolerance to physical activity had a higher number of episodes of exacerbation, even when participating in a physiotherapy program associated to exercise training. .

Objetivos Analisar se há influência do peso corporal, índice de massa corpórea (IMC), composição corporal, dispneia, força de preensão palmar (FPP) e tolerância ao esforço na ocorrência de exacerbação ao longo de 12 meses de acompanhamento de pacientes com DPOC submetidos a um programa de treinamento físico que desenvolveram ou não a exacerbação. Métodos Sessenta e três pacientes foram distribuídos em dois grupos (Grupo Exacerbação — GE, n = 29; Grupo Não Exacerbação — GNE, n= 34). O teste Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para a comparação entre os grupos, teste de Friedman (post-hoc e Dunn) para comparação das avaliações e a análise de regressão logística, com nível de significância p < 0,05. Resultados Há diferença significativa entre os grupos quanto à idade e distância percorrida (DP) no teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6). A DP apresentou-se reduzida no 6º, no 9º e no 12º mês de reavaliação comparados a avaliação e ao 3º mês para o GE. Na análise de regressão logística observou-se interação significativa entre a MM e a DP, IMC com a MM, bem como do IMC com a DP, desta e da dispneia isoladas e da MM com o peso corporal. Conclusão Conclui-se a importância de envolver diversas variáveis ao longo do acompanhamento de pacientes com DPOC em programas fisioterapêuticos na tentativa de prevenir a ocorrência de exacerbações ou reduzir sua chance de ocorrência. Além disso, pacientes mais idosos e com menor tolerância à atividade física tiveram maior número de episódios de exacerbação, mesmos estando inseridos em um programa fisioterapêutico de treinamento físico. .

Efeitos do treinamento com espirômetros de incentivo a fluxo e a volume em indivíduos saudáveis / Effects of training using volume and flow-oriented incentive spirometry in healthy subjects

São escassos os relatos encontrados na literatura que fazem comparações entre diferentes espirômetros de incentivo (EI) e há diferenças nos métodos adotados. Assim, os objetivos do estudo foram comparar o efeito dos EI a fluxo Cliniflo® com fluxo pré-determinado e a volume Voldyne® na função pulmonar, mobilidade tóraco-abdominal e força muscular respiratória, assim como analisar as características dos protocolos de treinamento baseado na sobrecarga gerada por cada um desses EI em indivíduos saudáveis sedentários. Foram avaliados 20 indivíduos saudáveis sedentários de 18 a 30 anos, de ambos os sexos, distribuídos randomicamente entre dois grupos: grupo Cliniflo® (GC) e grupo Voldyne® (GV) e reavaliados após cinco semanas, por meio da espirometria, manovacuometria e cirtometria dinâmica, e foi calculado o índice de amplitude tóraco-abdominal (IA). Os indivíduos realizaram duas sessões semanais de treinamento muscular respiratório (TMR) durante cinco semanas, totalizando 10 sessões. Na análise intragrupos, no GC verificou-se aumento estatisticamente significativo da capacidade vital e do pico de fluxo expiratório (PFE), e no GV observou-se aumento significativo dos valores de capacidade vital forçada, do PFE e da ventilação voluntária máxima, obtidos pela espirometria. Quanto às pressões inspiratória e expiratória máximas e os IA axilar, xifoidiano e abdominal não foram observadas diferenças significativas em nenhum dos grupos. Quanto à análise intergrupos, também não foi observada diferença significativa entre eles. Conclui-se que o treinamento com EI a fluxo Cliniflo® e a volume Voldyne® proporcionaram melhora das capacidades pulmonares, pico de fluxo e, somente no a volume, na endurance muscular respiratória na amostra estudada. E quanto as características do treinamento, ambos geraram baixa sobrecarga e dessa forma, não caracterizaram-se como treinamentos de força muscular respiratória.(AU)

There are few reports in the literature to make comparisons between differente respiratory spirometer and there are differences in the adopted methods. The objectives of the study were to compare the effect of flow-oriented spirometer Cliniflo® with pre-determined flow and volume-oriented spirometer Voldyne® on the pulmonary function, thoracoabdominal mobility and muscle strength volume, as well as analyze the characteristics of training protocols based the overhead generated by each EI in sedentary healthy individuals. Twenty healthy sedentary individuals were assessed, aged from 18 to 30 years, of both sex, randomly assigned in two groups: Cliniflo® group (CG) and Voldyne® group (VG) and revalued after five weeks, by spirometry, manometer and cirtometry dynamics and was calculated the amplitude thoracoabdominal index (TAI). Subjects performed two weekly sessions of respiratory muscle training (RMT) for five weeks, totaling 10 sessions. . In the intragroup analysis, the CG was found statistically significant increase of vital capacity and peak expiratory flow (PEF), and VG showed a significant increase in the values of forced vital capacity, PEF, and maximal voluntary ventilation, obtained by spirometry. As for the maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures and TAI axillary, xiphoid and abdominal found no significant differences in either group. As for inter-group analysis, was not significantly different between them. In conclusion, training with the flow-oriented spirometer Cliniflo® and volume-oriented spirometer Voldyne® provided improves lung capacity, peak flow, and only on the volume in respiratory muscle endurance in the study sample. And the training characteristics, generated both low overhead and thus not characterized as respiratory muscle strength training.(AU)